Project Quality Management For Business Organizations...

Introduction Project Quality management plays an inevitable role in business organizations across the globe. It is very important for the project managers to use practical skills along with technical skills to implement the projects immaculately, proficiently and efficiently. We will be gathering information from project practitioners in the industry, who have got great experience in managing complex projects. The main aim of this project is to interview a project practitioner in two ways: face to face and via email. The main area of concern in this report is to understand the basics of project quality management. Then after particularize the techniques used in companies and industries to accomplish project quality goals. Moreover report†¦show more content†¦The main focus of the research was to understand different approaches that project practitioners undertake to obtain detailed understanding of project quality. Then the second stage included finding a practitioner which was the most challenging task. Email campaign was run, visited companies and also surfed many sites. Eventually we were successful in finding practitioners individually. This report includes both qualitative and quantitative approach about project quality and explains how Project quality management is being used in a private migration and engineering firm referred as AICA Group. They specialize in Electrical Contracting projects, Solar PV Installation projects, Immigration Department,Design 3D Visualization projects. I have found two practitioners from AICA group but from different fields. Shaji Mathews and Shiju Mathews are my practitioners. Shiju Mathews is the Principal Consultant and he handle projects related to Migration and Shaji Mathews is the Technical Director of AICA Engineering department and has served for more than 25 years, he is in charge of all projects related to electric and solar installations. I personally interviewed them and when I collaborated their views, I learned tha t meeting the objectives of the organization should be the priority and it should not be compromised. It becomes very important for a project manager to gain overall knowledge in the specified area and should not compromise Project Quality Management For Business Organizations... Introduction Project Quality management plays an inevitable role in business organizations across the globe. It is very important for the project managers to use practical skills along with technical skills to implement the projects immaculately, proficiently and efficiently. Will be gathering information from project practitioners in the industry, who have got great experience in managing complex projects. The main aim of this project is to interview a project practitioner in two ways: face to face and via email. The main area of concern in this report is to understand the basics of project quality management. Then after particularize the techniques used in companies and industries to accomplish project quality goals. Moreover report also includes to overcome the limitations and to manage the areas that need improvement so as to diminish the breaks and lead to more efficient and effective project quality management. For this assignment, groups were formed to share views and to understand project quality management in more depth. We categorized the assignment into different stages. The interview questions were discussed in the first stage and we also discussed about the basic reason and criteria for the particular assignment. We all agreed to the fact that all those questions should be included that would help us in understanding the basics of project quality management. We decided the questions that were to be asked and we also tried adding some extra questions. The mainShow MoreRelatedProject Quality Management For Business Organizations Across The Globe1163 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Project Quality management plays an inevitable role in business organizations across the globe. It is very important for the project managers to use practical skills along with technical skills to implement the projects immaculately, proficiently and efficiently. We will be gathering information from project practitioners in the industry, who have got great experience in managing complex projects. The main aim of this project is to interview a project practitioner in two ways: faceRead MoreThe Swot Analysis : Accenture1531 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Accenture received the opportunity to build their IT infrastructure from scratch and establish a new culture in their organization by utilizing the incoming new management team. 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Quantitative Research Qualitative Research - 825 Words

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Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play Free Essays

The historical, social and cultural influenced our play immensely because in order to create an understanding of our stimulus gender we needed to explore different sides to gender. We decided that in order for the audience to work out the meaning behind our play they needed to fully understand the idea of gender both past and present. During the creation of our play we thought it was important to bring up certain topical issues, we decided the main issues would be how women were treated in the past and present, domestic violence, love and relationships, stereotypes and social roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play or any similar topic only for you Order Now We chose the idea of ‘lion tamers’ because it was based on a circus however we twisted it so the scene was ‘lady tamers’ to show how women were treated in the past. We started off with the ladies as wild animals with the men in the middle shouting out the orders such as ‘wash the floor’. Then we went onto more advanced techniques were we stood in a ‘Stepford wife pose’ and spoke lines such as ‘have dinner ready, plan even the night before so he can have a warm meal on time. In order to create a realistic impression of what women’s roles were in the past we looked at The Good housewife’s guide this was a booklet of instruction from the 50s telling young women how to be a good housewife and because some of the instruction were incredibly †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and unrealistic which we thought the audience would find humorous. We then decided to do go the other extreme with the scene where the ladies take over, we wanted the women to be powerful both mentally and physical this was to show how times have changed and in particular how women in society have changed. A very important issue we wanted to concentrate on was domestic violence because this was a hard hitting issue involving gender. We researched different aspects of domestic violence and found that it is equally common nowadays as it was in the past and although it isn’t necessarily true for every case men seem to be the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of the problem. We had a real problem incorporating this issue into the initial idea of the circus because we didn’t know how to make a serious topic humorous. Eventually we came up with a Punch and Judy sketch and this was Perfect because it showed the issue of domestic violence and stuck to the idea of the circus. As a group we decided that it would be nice to look at the positive side of gender because up till then it had all been negative. We used the idea of a tight rope act to show the ups n downs of relationships and love, we had a boy at one end of the tight rope and a girl at the other and they would walk along and take turns saying what they didn’t like about each other and the other person would begin to wobble on the tight rope however after each little speech they would end it with ‘but I love him/her. ‘ We wanted to embrace the opposite sexes differences and make the audience view gender in a positive light. How to cite Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play, Papers

Managing Performance of People

Questions: 1. For the simulated business Coffeeville Include a brief description of the business? 2. Research and explain the following workplace laws. Ensure you use references to support your answers? 3.What risks would Coffeeville face if they failed to follow these laws? 4. Explain how you would implement each of the following aspects of a performance management system? 5. Create and develop a profile for one of your employees at in Coffeville to be managed by you? 6. You must then take responsibility for one of the workers and be their manager. For example, you might choose to manage the waiter? 7.Conduct a coaching role play for your chosen worker. You will need to do this task with another student in class? Answers: Introduction: The success of any organization lies in the way in which the employees perform within the organization following the rules and guidance to reach out their pre-specific goals settled by the organization. In order to keep a track of the ways in which the employees work for the betterment of the organization, the system of performance management has been established (Pocock, Charlesworth and Chapman 2013).. The entire report consists of 4 major sections subdivided into further sub-sections. The first section highlights the background of Coffeeville and then the existing workplace laws within that domain. The risk that Coffeeville might face failing to implement the laws have also been analyzed followed by a discussion on performance management system (PMS) existing within the organization. The final part of this section highlights the job profile of one of the workers in Coffeeville. Through the second section the ways in which I took the role of manager and managed the performance of one employee named Jane Eyre working in the cafeteria. The third and fourth section highlights the ways in which I highlighted the existing performance issue of Jane to make my team aware of the responsibility that has been bestowed on them and the way to carry it out. The final section tries to provide a reflection of the entire findings of the other sections. 1. Rufus Belcastran and Emma Belcastran started the business of Coffeeville on July 2009 with the aim to cater service to the people of Melbourne. The business has been established with the aim to provide the best refreshing coffee to its customers. They serve both fresh gourmet foods along with cold and hot beverages (www.coffeevilleco.com 2017). They have been mainly targeting three types of customers namely, individuals, take-away customers and customers who arrive in a group to have a talk over a cup of Joey. At present the operational goals of Coffeeville for the next one year till February 2018 are given as follows: To keep an increasing trend in profit rate each year by around 12-15% (ibsa.org.au 2010) To reach out to customers beyond Melbourne with their freshly brewed coffee To keep their staffs motivated and happy through different policies Maintain the quality of products that they sell at present and to upgrade themselves over time. Reduce the cost of operation by implementing efficient machines and training the staffs as per required skills (ibsa.org.au 2010) 2. The success of any organization lies in the ways in which it is able to cater to its targeted customers while keeping their staff happy and synchronized and abiding the laws of the respective region where the organization operates. Few such workplace laws have been mentioned here which might help Coffeeville to have a smooth functioning of their business operation. Equal Employment Opportunity: According to Australian laws, an employee should be given equal opportunity at workplace irrespective of the religious, cultural or ethnic group from which they belong. They should be treated equal in every terms and given equal opportunity if they are eligible for it (www.business.gov.au 2017). Health and Safety issues at Workplace: The employees have some rights to enjoy certain privileges from their employer in regards to issues like providing safe and healthy work ambience. According to Safe Work Australia, each state has some fixed OHS legislation that any organization must follow in their business operation (www.business.gov.au 2017). Anti-Discrimination: Anti-discrimination is a part of the EEO policies that Coffeeville follows. They do not discriminate their employees based on their personal characteristics like gender, complexion, religious beliefs and age. Unfair Dismissal: The Australian government protects the right of the employees within its territory with the help of Fair Work Commission (FWC). The law restricts the dismissal of any employees from their workplace based on any issues other than incapability of doing the job. Any employee can appeal to the FWC within 21 days of dismissal to protect his or her own rights (www.fwc.gov.au 2017). 3. The rules mentioned under task 2 are essential for smooth disruption free workings of any organization. If Coffeeville fails to abide by those rules then it might have to face problems and can be taken to the court for actions (www.business.gov.au 2017). Work Safe Act, Fair work Commission, Human Rights Commission of Australia, can put the organization on trial before the law and Anti-discrimination commission depending on the ways in which the laws have been breached (www.fwc.gov.au 2017). 4. Implementing rules and motivating employees through system of performance management can be done under these following criteria: Performance goals The employee must cater to a minimum of 180 customers per month Career goals The target of any employee should be to earn on an average 3 star rating based on customer feedback. Failing to earn this rating their performance is going to be considered poor (Nankervis 2016). Coaching poorly performed employees Any newly joined employee getting a poor rating is going to be provided training for a minimum of 10 days and maximum of one month depending upon their performance (Parmenter 2015). Motivating employees Monthly awards in the form of putting their names as best performer can bring in motivation. In addition, they are going to be provided with food voucher which can be en-cashed while having foods and beverages from Coffeeville itself. Annual appraisal system Coffeeville provides appraisal to its employees twice a year depending on their performance. This motivates the employees into better productivity. 5. Job Title: Waitress Reports to: Mr. P. B Sridharacharya Department: Customer Service Job Role: The employee should be able to cater to the customers arriving at the cafeteria with patience. They must be ready to help out the customer in every possible aspect from the time they enter the restaurant. Essential Duties: Greeting the customer, finding a suitable seat for them, taking their orders and serving them food and beverages at the earliest possible time. Qualification and Experience: Normal high school passed candidates is eligible. An experience of 3 months or more if preferable however fresher can apply. Preferred Skills: Pleasing personality, quick service, patient listener, good vocabulary, basic knowledge of computer operation. 6. Employee Name: Jane Eyre Employee position: Waitress Date of agreement: 10th January 2017 Period of Agreement: 10th January 2017 to 31st December 2017 Planned review date: Interim: Initial review is going to be done after 10th February that is after one month of joining the job. Final: A final review is going to be held after 6 months from the initial date of joining. Performance goals: Task / Responsibility Required outcomes Customer Service The primary concern of any waiter is going to meet customer satisfaction. Welcoming the customer as soon as they enter the shop should be the first responsibility of a waiter. Customer should be greeted with a warm smile. Respond and solve the doubts of customers Take down order of the customer and remember their special demands Remember the regular visitors by their names and their specialized demands Collecting payments Maintaining the rules and ethics of the restaurant Following the dress code Maintaining a pleasant behaviour with the co-workers Reporting any issues to the management Collecting cheques and cash from the customers and making sure that no customer goes away without paying. 7.The restaurant is going to keep a track on the performance of each of their employees. In order to do so the management have planned up to start up an evaluation of the employees performance on a timely basis through key performance indicator that is KPI. The KPI has been used within an organization in order to check the progress of the same. In addition, the KPI also tried to measure the success of the employees in the direction of the pre-specified goals (Edwards and Burr 2014). The key performance indicator based on which the worker should be hired are as follows: Discipline: The primary indicator selected by the organization is the discipline of the employees. The success of any organization depends on the extent to which the employees are dedicated and disciplined towards their work. A regular track is going to be kept on the arrival and departure time of every employee working in the restaurant (Parmenter 2015). In addition, the management of the restaurant is going to measure the way of conduct of the newly appointed waiters in the restaurant while dealing with the co-workers. Customer Feedback: Customer is the main capital of any restaurant. It is their demand that lets the restaurant suffice in business and henceforth should be prioritized and treated wisely. Their feedback is very important for the success of any business (Nankervis 2016). If the restaurant can upgrade themselves in accordance with the customers genuine feedback then they are expected to run more efficiently while positioning themselves ahead of their competitors. Review of their performance: The employees performance should not be based only on customer feedback but also on the reviews taken from the co-workers and evaluation of the customer feedback by the management. Often it has been observed that the customers are biased towards certain waiters and are not ready to appreciate the service of newly appointed ones (Edwards and Burr 2014). Henceforth a further evaluation of their feedbacks needs to be done by the managing authority. Name/Position: Jane Eyre/ Waiter Manager: Review Period: Performance issues: How skills are to be developed: By When? Late in greeting customers Jane should be provided with a 10 days training as an assistant waiter to make her understand the proper way to greet different customers. 10th to 20th February 2017. Confuses orders and then not ready to apologize to the customer Since Jane is new and inexperience she is going to be provided with training to properly keep a track of the orders in accordance with the table number. On other hand, she should be provided with training on the ways to deal with customers and keep them happy with the services. 10th to 28th February 2017 Managers comments: Jane is a good person with pleasing personality. It has been observed that she is highly capable of grasping the training provided to her and shares a good relation with her co-workers. Signature Date: Staff members comments: In views of the co-workers, the newly hired waiter Jane has a pleasing and adjusting personality who is ready to grasp the methods taught to her. She is a keen learner. Signature Date Conclusion: At the initial level when I found that Jane was performing poorly and could not keep track of the orders placed by the customers, I was irritated with her. I thought that she is not eligible for the job and might cause a bad reputation of the restaurant. On other hand, I doubted the coaching provided by the management team to the newly joined waiter. I even doubted myself as a coach. I thought that I have not been able to impart training to them properly. Afterwards, I slowly realized that the fault was not in my part. I found that my employee Jane was intelligent enough to grasp all the trainings provided to her. I failed to realize the fact that she needs time to get accustomed to this system. I wanted my newly joined employee to perform excellently from the first day of their joining in the restaurant. Henceforth, there has been a gap between the expectation and reality leading to poor ratings of the employee. During this entire process of coaching, I felt that at the initial level I misunderstood the capability of my employees. But then, I also realized that my strength lies in the ways in which I provide training to my employees and the ways in which I gel with them with my friendly attitude. I have always been approachable and helpful for my junior employees. My strength of being friendly in nature has often been misinterpreted and wrongly projected. I feel that I should try to improve myself so that my employees do not misinterpret my friendliness and take the scope to lower the burden of their work. Hence, I should portray myself in such a way that people can approach me easily. On other hand, my conduct should be such that the employees should not interpret my friendliness to avoid their duty. At certain times, I might need to be strict and harsh on my employee to restore the discipline in their work life. In addition to it I should focus on the communication skills and incorporate some strategies that can improve communication in coaching skills. As a manager coach, I learnt that communication plays a big role in public dealings and hence my primary focus is going to be developing proper communication within the restaurant. I should try to develop my verbal communication so that the colleagues and juniors get a clear message of the things that I tried to convey. References: Business.gov.au. (2017). Work Health and Safety (OHS) acts, regulations and codes of practice. [online] Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/workplace-health-and-safety/whs-oh-and-s-acts-regulations-and-codes-of-practice [Accessed 15 Feb. 2017]. Coffeeville Company. (2017). Welcome. [online] Available at: https://coffeevilleco.com/ [Accessed 15 Feb. 2017]. Edwards, K. and Burr, H., 2014. KPIs, leadership and psychosocial work environment.Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management-Xi. FWC Main Site. (2017). Unfair dismissal. [online] Available at: https://www.fwc.gov.au/termination-of-employment/unfair-dismissal [Accessed 15 Feb. 2017]. Nankervis, A.R., 2016. Performance Management: a Seven Country Study.Business and Entrepreneurial Review (BER),6(1), pp.31-38. Parmenter, D., 2015.Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. John Wiley Sons. Pocock, B., Charlesworth, S. and Chapman, J., 2013. Work-family and work-life pressures in Australia: advancing gender equality in good times?.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,33(9/10), pp.594-612. simulations.ibsa.org.au. (2010). CoffeeVille Marketing Plan. [online] Available at: https://simulations.ibsa.org.au/coffeeville/secure/docs/CoffeeVille%20Marketing%20Plan.pdf [Accessed 15 Feb. 2017].

The Benefits of a Routine Physical Exercise Program

In recent years, the proliferation of lifestyle diseases coupled with the underlying need to stay healthy has made many populations worldwide to become increasingly aware of the need for physical fitness. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of a Routine Physical Exercise Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Popular media and other advertising channels bombard us everyday with messages on how to guard and improve our health conditions. Although much of this information is commercially motivated by marketers keen to sell vitamin supplements and other ‘health’ products, some of it, in particular that campaigning for a routine exercise regimen, merits serious consideration. Such a regimen, if done routinely and with passion, can provide numerous benefits to individuals. In essence, routine physical exercise is beneficial to individuals since it assists them discharge tension, improve physi cal appearance, and enhance stamina. The first of these advantages, the discharge of tension, is in actual terms felt immediately after taking part in a workout. Current literature demonstrates that tension builds in our bodies’ overtime, in part, due to an over-accumulation of adrenaline mostly generated by stress, job strain, anxiety or fear. Indeed, medical professionals are in agreement that participating in physical exercise or sporting events for at least thirty minutes or so actively vent off the tension accumulated in our bodies. If an individual actively engage in playing volleyball or tennis for half an hour each day, he or she should be able to sleep comfortably at night and have a better disposition the next day primarily because sleep is vital for cell rejuvenation and growth. In addition, unwarranted irritations and frustrations with everyday tasks and responsibilities should be less upsetting if one engages in physical exercise. For example, a manager affect ed by work-related distress may rush home, argue with his family and engage in other antisocial activities such as smoking and alcohol consumption to release stress. Taking about an hour or so to vent off the stress through physical exercise could inarguably assist the manager to avoid such antisocial behaviour. In this perspective, routine exercise can to a large extent control tension.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An improved physical form, which is the second benefit of routine exercise, takes some time to display, but it certainly comes if one is resilient enough to be able to strictly follow the exercise regimen. Physical exercise experts are of the opinion that individuals must at least train for a month or so before they can start reaping the benefits of improved appearance in the form of a trimmer and firmer shape. An individual who is overweight by five pounds, for example, may enrol in an exercise program that will see him or her burn away the excess fat in a month or so and thereafter such an individual will not only acquire pride in tighter muscles and improved physique, but he or she will wear clothes more delightfully and contentedly. The individual may also benefit from an improved skin tone if he or she masters the art of combining the exercise regimen with a sensible diet. In addition to the self-assurance occasioned by an enhanced physique, increased physical strength is known to stimulate stamina. Indeed, a stronger, healthier body is not only more capable of working harder in work-related environments, but it can withstand fatigue experienced as one goes about his or her daily tasks and responsibilities. An employee who engages in physical exercise should be able to easily complete his or her weekly job assignments and still preserve sufficient energy for watering the garden and scrubbing the kitchen. Stamina is also known to play a significant role in warding off diseases that may slow down the individual and prevent him or her to accomplish set tasks. Still, stamina opens the doors for employment in industries and sectors that primarily look at endurance as a basic requirement for employment suitability. The police force, the army, and the club bouncers are just a few examples of sectors that require fully invigorated personnel. In consequence, improved stamina is one of the most rewarding benefits of a routine exercise regimen. While cheap solutions to the broader objectives of losing weight and attaining an eye-catching and full rejuvenated body continue to flood the popular media, acquiring these attributes is not an easy task for the feeble-hearted. The benefits, however, are totally worth the attempt of an established physical exercise regimen that enables an individual to not only feel relaxed and healthy, but also provides ample strength for successful completion of strenuous as well as normal acti vities. This essay on The Benefits of a Routine Physical Exercise Program was written and submitted by user Haleigh N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Whole Internet Essay Example

The Whole Internet Essay Example The Whole Internet Essay The Whole Internet Essay Type Your College Name Here| Submitted By: Type your name here | Infrastructure Assignment 4| 1. Compare and contrast at least five technologies that are readily available for in-home internet access. You should consider practical as well as technical differences in your comparison. Do not include Frame Relay or ATM as these are primarily larger scale business solutions. 802. 11N| Higher-speed standards up to 300+ Mbps| 802. 11n uses (MIMO) technology and a wider radio frequency channel. It provides a mechanism called frame aggregation to decrease time between transmissions| Channels operating at 40Â  MHz are another feature incorporated into 802. 11n| The transmitter and receiver use pre-coding post-coding techniques to achieve the capacity of a MIMO link| Video Conferencing| A video conference is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously| ITU H. 320 is known as the st andard for video conferencing over integrated services digital networks| H. 64 SVC is compression standard that enables video conferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient| The components within a Conferencing System layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signal Plane and Media Plane| The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size and many others| Browser| A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. Web browser is a client program that uses HTTP to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user| Web browsers use many other protocols like HTTPS, asp, java script, VB script to display and run script in web page| Browsers include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC)| There are many web browsers are available like Internet explore r, chrome, Firefox and safari| VoIP| VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks| VoIP has become popular largely because of the cost advantages to onsumers over traditional telephone networks| In the VoIP world, codec’s are used to encode voice for transmission across IP networks| There are many codec’s are used in VoIP like ITU G. 711 ITU G. 722 ITU G. 723 ITU G. 726 ITU G. 727 G. 728 | There are many Internet telephony applications available. Like CoolTalk and NetMeeting Google voice| Bit Torrent| BitTorrent is a content distribution protocol that enables efficient software distribution and peer-to-peer sharing of very large files| To share a file or group of files, a peer first creates a small file called a torrent This file contains metadata about the files to be shared and about the tracker, the computer that coordinates the file distribution| BitTorrent makes many small data requests over different TCP connections to different machines, while classic downloading is typically made via a single TCP connection to a single machine. distributed nature of BitTorrent leads to a flood like spreading of a file throughout peers. As more peers join the swarm, the likelihood of a successful download increases| The peer creates a hash for each piece, using the SHA-1 hash function, and records it in the torrent file| 2. Explain the similarities and differences between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode. ATM and frame relay are two of the most common used methods for telecommunications between networks today. ATM, which stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode, is a technology that arose from international standards relating to the transmission of data, voice, and video simultaneously over a network at speeds far faster than has been possible without the standards. ATM is also known for transporting communications at hundreds of megabits per second, which results in speedier service than Ethernet on local area networks. ATM has also ascended into being a standard for fixed-length cell switching. Cells that originate from various sources or from various destinations are asynchronously multiplexed between multiple packet switches. The Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI) are the unique integer fields that identify each circuit on each link of the network. Frame Relay implements no error or flow control. The simplified handling of frames leads to reduced latency, and measures taken to avoid frame build-up at intermediate switches help reduce jitter. Frame Relay offers data rates up to 4 Mb/s, with some providers offering even higher rates. Frame Relay VCs are uniquely identified by a DLCI, which ensures bidirectional communication from one DTE device to another. Most Frame Relay connections are PVCs rather than SVCs. Frame Relay provides permanent, shared, medium-bandwidth connectivity that carries both voice and data traffic. Frame Relay is ideal for connecting enterprise LANs. The router on the LAN needs only a single interface, even when multiple VCs are used. The difference, first, frame relay uses variable packet sizes. The packet size varies, depending on the amount of data that is being sent. ATM uses a fixed packet size, which is the 53 byte cell that was depicted earlier. Next, frame relay, while although is useful to connect different local area networks, it cannot actually work within one. ATM cannot only work within a local area network, but they can also work within a wide area network. Third, frame relay is easy and inexpensive to install, and is readily supported in software. For a lot of users, it simply means a software upgrade on existing equipment, which minimizes network investment. ATM more often requires a more complex installation, and is not readily supported in some software. Also, while frame relay does have a varied packet size, it is the variance that can often mean a low overhead within the packet, which makes it a more efficient method for transmitting data. ATM’s fixed packet size, while optimized for handling multimedia traffic at high speeds, can sometimes leave a lot of overhead within the packet, especially in short transactions, where cells are often not full. [1] [2] 3. Technological advances are only one of many factors that play into how technology infrastructure develops. The social decision to break-up ATT had a significant impact on the telephone infrastructure. Describe how the infrastructure changed due to this event. ATTs voluntary breakup marks the end of the bigger-is-better era. For much of the 20th century, business strategy was relatively simple scale up operations and expand market share. The greatest opportunities lay in providing standardized products, with incremental improvements, to a middle-class market. But the simple pursuit of scale and market share lost its effectiveness as the 20th century ended. Another prime example of this is what is happening to Microsoft. Even though they have different legal problems, their days of gobbling up any and all businesses that got in their way is over. Smaller firms particularly those with innovative, customer-centric business designs became the most profitable. This is evident with the popularity of the dot. coms and how well they are doing in the market. Shortly after announcing on October 25th that ATT was going to split into four units, Michael Armstrong, the companys chairman, was asked in an interview if anything good would be lost as a result of the overhaul. He considered the question for at least 10 seconds, and then responded, I cant think of anything. But in fact, AT;T may be losing something that if not necessarily good, has been a powerful force in its favour for more than 100 years: the fear that its size and power has inspired in competitors. This will hopefully weaken the level of competition that AT;T has faced in the past. The AT;T-brand companies that remain after the breakup plan is completed by 2002 will be smaller than the AT;T the communications the world has known. And the competitive landscape will change accordingly. The local phone companies, already formidable in wireless and eager to expand into long distance while continuing to roll out high-speed Internet services, will be countering AT;T region-by-region and business-by-business. On January 30, 2005, AT;T agreed to be sold to an RBOC, Southwestern Bell (which had bought Pacific Bell earlier). This acquisition was finalized in October, 2005. Then SBC assumed the name ATT and introduce a new logo. The new AT;T then absorbed Bellsouth. It is interesting to note the political change since 1997, when Reed Hundt, then the FCC chairman, said South western Bell acquiring AT;T would be unthinkable since it would thwart competition. Since that time, SBC purchased AT;T, Verizon purchased MCI, Sprint purchased Nextel, and the new AT;T purchased Bellsouth. – [3] [4] 4. For the network that you have chosen to characterize, identify the connection to the internet WAN. Identify the media, devices, and service providers involved in establishing this connection. Describe what protocols/services are being implemented over this connection. In addition, describe at least one alternative ISP service available for this network. The home network that is chosen to characterize has DSL internet connection technology, In DSL internet connection it has many flavours and for home use my home network is ADSL internet connection. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter, or DSL filter, allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. ADSL can generally only be distributed over short distances from the central office, typically less than 4Â  kilometres (2 mi) but has been known to exceed 8Â  kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire gauge allows for farther distribution. At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL are typically routed over the telephone companys data network and eventually reach a conventional Internet Protocol network. Currently, most ADSL communication is full-duplex. Full-duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency-division duplex (FDD), echo-cancelling duplex (ECD), or time-division duplex (TDD). FDD uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. [5] [6] ITU-T Spec| Description| G. 998. 1| ATM-based multi-pair bonding: A method for bonding of multiple DSL lines to transport an ATM payload beyond the rate/reach capability of a single DSL loop. This protocol allows the bonding of 2 to 32 pairs and supports dynamic removal and restoration of pairs without human intervention. | G. 998. 2| Ethernet-ba sed multi-pair bonding: Provides a method for bonding of multiple DSL lines for Ethernet transport. This recommendation builds on the IEEE 802. 3ah-2004 methods and extends Ethernet transport over other xDSL technologies, including ADSL. | G. 98. 3| Multi-pair bonding using time-division inverse multiplexing: Details a method for bonding DSL lines using time-division inverse multiplexing (TDIM). This recommendation uses IEEE 802. 3ah handshake for pair discovery, parameter negotiation, and setup. It also allows the hitless addition and removal of pairs an the fast removal of a pair upon pair failure. | There many other ISP’s in telecommunication industry who provide DSL Internet connections mainly as, [i] Verizon high speed internet http://www22. verizon. com/Residential/HighSpeedInternet#plans [ii] Qwest DSL qwest. om/residential/internet/broadbandlanding/ References: 1. exampleessays. com/viewpaper/93331. html 2. http://itknowledgeexchange. techtarget. com/itanswers/wha t-is-the-difference-between-atm-and-frame-relay-networks/ 3. directessays. com/viewpaper/43194. html 4. http://som. csudh. edu/cis/lpress/471/hout/telecomhistory/ 5. http://webopedia. internet. com/TERM/A/ADSL. html 6. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line 7. http://www22. verizon. com/Residential/HighSpeedInternet#plans 8. qwest. com/residential/internet/broadbandlanding/

Informing ourselves to death by Neil Postman Personal Statement

Informing ourselves to death by Neil Postman - Personal Statement Example As long as we were Neanderthals, planet earth was a cleaner, greener and a safer place to live in. The environment was void of hazards, disease, danger and pollution and the world was free from poverty, hunger, homelessness and crime. All these are our gifts to ourselves, which come in a package deal with the technological zenith that we have achieved. We perceive the present scenario as the best of all possible worlds because this the farthest we have come in terms of advancement. There is no dearth of anything in this rose colored world of ours. (The "children of the lesser God " might not think so but have we ever given them a care!). We are so busy wallowing in this shallow, materialistic and cushioned lifestyle of ours that it has never occurred to us that we have lost a very precious part of us along the ages- we have lost our humanity! We might have attained knowledge but we are still far far away from wisdom. That is the reason why our world has become a "either -mine-or- yours" place. What if we never knew that the earth was such a vast planet with so much land and so much water, would we have then cared to split it up into blocks we call "countries"' Had there been no "mine and yours" territories" would the word "WAR" even exist in or dictionaries' What is it about our knowledge that instills in us the greed to simply possess apiece of land even if that means killing all our fellow beings living on it' From here started our dividing spree and we have never stopped ever since. In our attempt to systematically organize the human existence we bred complexities that we have never been able to come out of. First we made countries, divided them into states, broke the states down to cities, towns and districts, built huge walls around ourselves thus physically isolating ourselves from the rest of the world. . In the process and without our awareness, the mental and spiritual component of our being got entangled deeper and deeper into the web of "worldly wisdom". When we were done with physical divisions and the pieces of earth could not get any smaller, we never let ourselves give up. Our knowledge never let us deter and inspired us to go on. Then, we came up with this concept of religions (I call them "mass gangs") and for obvious reasons we had gang wars although they were at a much smaller scale than the nuclear or biological wars of today. First we fought over" mine- and- yours" and then we fought over " mine-is-better -than-yours" and the vicious cycle went on. Our intelligence (or rather the lack of it) has blown the light of knowledge into an satanic fire which is eating into the heart of humankind and emptying the core of our existence. Spiritually we have turned into weak, in secure, greedy, selfish and conceited individuals. Our conditioned psyche does not allow us to think beyond possessing and climbing up the ladder of success irrespective of whose face we step on in the process. I don't cal this living life; I consider it just a spiritually worthless existence. Imagine, our present day generation needs special classes and seminars on "soul searching". Isn't that ridiculous' Does it mean that we are so disconnected with out souls that we need to search them all over again'We are not to be entirely blamed for our plight.

Impact of New Technology In the Public Sector In England Essay

Impact of New Technology In the Public Sector In England - Essay Example ced in 1976 by the police scientific development branch in the UK and the operation began in 1979.The first arrest was made in 1981 which was a stolen car. A number of persons have also been credited for the development of the ANPR to the modern structure, among them include; Bernard Hogan Howe, a metropolitan commissioner in the UK. The scope of offered services includes facilities to curb rising insecurity, drug trafficking, uninsured vehicles, untaxed and unlicensed vehicles. Following the recent innovations in the last decade, especially the introduction of the ANPR, cases of insecurity has been on the decrease. Police and security services have been able to track all the vehicles. This technology can store images and also text from the license plate. Statement of the Problem Stakeholders in the security sector have realized the need to embrace this technology in the country. The increase of the use of ANPR has been associated with a number of factors such as; it saves valuable p olice time, saves valuable police resources, helps in advancing investigation, it enforces arrest. Research Questions This Study was guided by the following research questions: 1. To what extent do the police departments embrace ANPR? 2. To what extent do the ANPR contribute to the efficiency? 3. What are the challenges faced by the security personnel in the adoption of the ANPR? Objectives of the Study Overall Objective: The overall objective of this study was to establish the effect of ANPR service delivery in the police sector. Specific Objectives: Specifically, the study sought to: 1. Establish the use and management of ANPR technology in the security sector. 2. To determine the effect of ANPR technology on the operations of police in England. 3. To find out the challenges faced by the... The study was primarily set within England context, with the focus on metropolitan police in England to explore and evaluate the effects of the ANPR on English. This area was preferred for the study because ANPR was first introduced in UK and also the presence of many vehicles on the roads in the United Kingdom. The findings of the study are useful to different stakeholders of the population. Firstly, UK citizens can use the study to educate themselves in order not to be on the wrong side of the law. Secondly, the findings of this study can be used by security personnel to control cases of rising insecurities in England. The study has exposed the Strengths and Weaknesses of this technology. The study was conducted in England and its environs, which is located in Europe. The study dealt with the citizens and security personnel of England who are served by the metropolitan police commission. The area was chosen because of its geographical position in Europe, first country to introduce this technology and also presence of many cars in its roads. Moreover, past studies showed that England has the most number of insecurities in the region. These reasons made the data collected from this study area to be one of the most reliable in the country. From this study, there is a close relationship between use of Automatic Number Plate Recognition and decrease in insecurity. This is because before introduction of this technology department of commission experienced a high rate of insecurity in England.

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries Research Paper

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries - Research Paper Example The best cells for bridge-building are Schwann cells, because they are easy to get from patients and because they support perfect axon regeneration (Oudega & Xu, 2006). The only problem is that Schwann cells will not mix with the connective tissue cells of the spinal cord, so the bridges will not integrate with the spinal cord. Studies are underway on how to Schwann cells interact with connective tisues cells of the spinal cord and how to get them integrate. Schwann cells are also the cells in peripheral nerves that form myelin sheaths. They are not usually found in the brain or spinal cord where another neurological cell, the ogliodendrocyte, is responsible for making myelin. Researchers have shown that Schwann cells grafted into the brain can myelinate central axons (Oudega & Xu, 2006). When the loss of myelin is an important part of injury, implanting Schwann cells could stimulate remyelination and thereby restore function. Schwann cells, nerve cells and some other cells make proteins known to nourish nerve cells called "growth factors". By introducing these factors into injury sites alone or in combination with grafts, researchers hope to stimulate additional nerve regeneration and promote the health of nerve cells. This approach has been shown to stimulate CNS regeneration, including growth of axons from nerve cells within the spinal cord and those from the brain that send their long axons down the spinal cord. Significant restoration of function has not yet been achieved. Also Pieces of Engineered Neural Tissue (EngNT) are formed by controlling natural Schwann cell behavior in a three-dimensional collagen gel so that the cells elongate and align, and then a stabilization process removes excess fluid to leave robust artificial tissues. These living biomaterials contain aligned Schwann cells in an aligned collagen environment, recreating key features of normal nerve tissue. Incorrect

Positioning Of The New Product Marketing Essay

Positioning Of The New Product Marketing Essay Starbucks is the leading roaster, retailer, and marketer of speciality coffee in the world, It also has the world famous Frappuccino Blended Beverages, which include Green Tea and Chai Tea beverages. Currently, Starbucks is planning to introduce bubble tea products into New Zealand. Bubble tea is a tea base drink blended with fruit flavour and chewing balls. It is a popular drink in Asian countries, and has been accepted and loved by the people around the world. This bubble tea product line will be branded as Bubblecino. This marketing plan analysed the current market environment and situations, and will be used for the introduction of Bubblecino into New Zealand market. According to the analysis, Bubblecino is going to be the premium bubble tea in the market which offers premium quality with best service and outstanding store environment. The main target market for Bubblecino is younger people and people who are concerning healthy drinks. This marketing plan also identified the mark eting objectives in the following two years, including achieving NZ$1 million on Bubblecino sales. This marketing plan then suggested the products design, pricing of Bubblecino, distribution decisions, and promotion mix, which includes internet advertisements, outdoor display, bus signs, sampling and use of coupons. Lastly, the coordination and control of the marketing plan was also covered in this report. Markets Size It is difficult to analysis the market size for bubble tea as it is still a brand new market in the most of western nations. However, New Zealand has the culture of drinking traditional English tea, and New Zealanders should have a decent market foundation for the tea based beverages. Another way to analyse New Zealand market is to look at the other countries that have similar culture and other social characteristics. One of example is London, UK. DailyMail reported Bubbleology, which is Londons foremost purveyor of bubble tea had a forecast sale of  £4.5 million for 2013 (Arthurs, 2012). Considering the population of London is around 8 million currently which is two times of New Zealand population, it would be reasonable to estimate the market size of bubble tea in New Zealand would be around NZ$2 million per year. It is a decent size of market for Starbucks, who made a sale of NZD26.5 million last year (Starbuck, 2012). In additional, based on the last years sales figure and assu mption of average spending of NZ$8 per person, Starbuck accommodates around 3 million customers every year. Although it is too unrealistic to estimate all 3 million customers to buy a bubble tea product, this customer base provides a market potential for Starbuck to promote its bubble tea products. Markets Needs and Trends The market trend within the recent decade on drinking industry is people in western countries are more open and starting to fall in love with the tea based drinks. Iced tea products, such as ready-to-drink Lipton Iced teas can be seen in every supermarkets and shops in New Zealand. The fast developing of Lipton helps bubble teas to unlock the preconceived notions about the tea. People nowadays are more accepting the new tea based products, such as bubble teas. In addition, more and more people appreciate and understand the benefit of drinking tea. It is scientifically proven that drinking tea could reduce the chance of heart diseases and several cancers (Harvard Womens Health Watch, 2004). The current market trend in beverage is people are more concern about the health issues and would prefer a healthier drink (Theodore, 2005), and there is a expecting continuingly grow on the demand of tea related products. This trend is recognised by the Starbucks. Recently, Starbucks is offering t o buy Teavana Holding Inc, which sells high-end loose leaf tea in 300 shopping malls in US (The New Zealand Hearld, 2012). Starbucks already owns Tazo tea brand since 1999, and this purchase offer shows Starbucks growing interest in tea, and its willingness to expand its tea related products. Competitors The current competitors for Starbucks on bubble teas are other bubble tea shops. Most of these bubble tea shops are located in the Chinese or Asian restaurants, food courts, or the place where there is a big Chinese customer flow. The bubble tea was firstly introduced into New Zealand by these bubble tea shops. They have the advantage of being well known by the Asians and bubble tea lovers. Other advantages of these bubble tea shops are lower price and shops are offering other Asian cuisines. It is very common for people to order a cup of bubble tea while they having their lunch in Chinese or Asian restaurants or food courts. However, these bubble tea shops have their disadvantages. There are operating individually, and there is a lack of brand awareness for these bubble tea shops. For those who are unfamiliar with Asian cuisines, it is possible that they have never heard about bubble tea before. There is no domain brand in the bubble tea market at this moment, and most bubble tea shops are in small size. Lastly, the shop environment of these bubble shops is not very decent. Most of these shops have the similar store decoration level as fish and chips stores. Internal Environmental Factors Strength The internal environmental factors facing by Starbuck if it wants to promote bubble tea include its strong brand awareness across New Zealand. Starbucks is the leading retailer in coffee and other blended beverages. It is most welcomed by the young people and white-collars. It is well known on its modern in-store design and great customer services. There are 35 stores across the nation in New Zealand currently. Most of stores locate in CBDs or big shopping malls. This is a great platform and store chain to promote the bubble tea. In addition, Starbucks have well trained staffs in every store, which means Starbucks requires less training time on staff. Weaknesses However, Starbucks has its disadvantages. For some people, Starbucks has been considered as a fast food brand from the US, and the products Starbucks offered are nothing but fast food from mass production line. This will create a bad image for Starbuck if it wants to promote the health benefit of drinking tea based products. Another weakness of Starbucks is the requirement on machine upgrade and staff training as bubble tea is a brand new product for Starbucks. Lastly, although Starbucks has already offered tea based products, such as Green tea and Chai Tea beverages for years, the society still link Starbucks with coffee. This innate ideas from society will require Starbucks to spend time and money on convert such ideas during the promotion of bubble teas. External Environmental Factors Opportunities The opportunities facing by Starbucks for promoting bubble teas include the market trend of that more people are concerning the health issues and how their beverage could influence their health. Tea has been recognised as a healthier drink, and it could be expected there is a increasing demand on the tea related products. Another opportunity for Starbucks is the fact that although bubble tea market has many market players, there is no domain brand in the market. Starbucks has capital and brand advantages, with lower level of competition in the market, Starbucks could gain a big market share if it decides to introduce bubble tea in New Zealand. Threats However, because the barrier to enter the market is low, and there is really nothing to stop others to step into the market, the competition in bubble tea market could increase if other big brands, such as Coca cola or Pepsi decided to introduce their bubble tea products. Market Segmentation, Profile of the Target Market and Positioning of the Product Segmentation Factors The current New Zealand market could be divided into different segments based on demographic, geographic, psychographic, or behavioural. Demographic segmentation factors divide the population by age, income, gender, and education. There is a need to conduct a market research to better understanding the correlation between individuals demographic characters and their preference on bubble teas. However, it could be expected that young people and female might like bubble tea more. People who have a higher education level may also more concern about their health. This high level of health might lead them to drink more tea based products. Geographic segmentation factors divide the population into different geographic areas. However, New Zealand is a small country, and there is no big difference between people live in different cities, or live in rural or urban areas. Therefore, the geographic segmentation might be irrelevant in this case. Psychographic segmentation factor will divide the population by lifestyle and their interest to the Asian foods. As discussed previously, people who have a healthier lifestyle would like to have a health tea based drink. People who interested in Asian or Asian foods would have heard or tried bubble tea before. They are existing customers of bubble teas. It also means this group of people are more open to accept new taste and like to try something new. Lastly, behavioural segmentation factors divide the population by their loyalty status. There is not much difference between bubble tea offered by Starbucks and bubble tea from other bubble tea shops. The indifference on bubble tea products means Starbuck needs to focus on the customers who have a strong or absolute loyalty on the bubble teas offered by the Starbucks. Description of the Target market Based on the above discussion on the segmentation factors, this business plan could describe the target market for Starbucks. The target market of Starbucks bubble tea is those young people who have a higher education level, have a healthier lifestyle, who are interested in Asian or Asian foods, and who have a higher level of royalty to brands. Positioning of the New Product The position of bubble tea offered by Starbucks is a premium bubble tea offered by Starbucks. It is fashion, cute, and fulfilled the needs of younger people who like something sweet, health, and fun to drink. It is a bubble tea with a higher price compared to other bubble tea shops, but it is also a bubble tea offered in the great in-store environment with high quality services. It is also a bubble tea which served in the classics Starbucks clear plastic package with Starbucks famous two tails mermaid logo on the package. Measurable Marketing Objectives Starbucks is considering introducing bubble tea into New Zealand. It is going to branded as Bubblecino, and it will be introduced to public in all 35 stores across the nation. The objectives of the business plan for bubble tea in the next two years are: To increase the public brand awareness on Bubblecino, especially the public awareness about the health benefit of drinking tea based beverage and the fun and tasty of drinking Bubblecino Start with the most popular flavour and mixing formulas, Bubblecino will introduce a new flavours and mixture every months to gather the responds from the public and determine the best sellers To achieve NZ$1 million on the sales of bubble tea, which is the 50% of the estimated New Zealand market share, if there is no major competitors appeared during the next two years period Marketing Strategies Product Decisions The Bubblecino is going to make in store as other beverage in Starbucks. The Bubblecino is served in the half-round top, clear plastic cup which is also used for Green tea Frappuccino, and Tazo Chia. The reason to use clear plastic cup is that customers and other could see the colourful of beverage (depends on the flavours customers choose), and the chewing pearls at the bottom of cup. The reason to use half-round top is the customers could have the option of adding cream on top of their bubble teas. The straw will be slightly different to the straw used for Frappuccino. The straw will bigger so the chewing pearls could be easily sucked out. The straw will still be the classic Starbucks green. The package will help to differentiate the Bubblecino from other bubble teas, and help people to be aware that it is a cup of Bubblecino from Starbucks. The waiting time for bubble tea should be similar to the waiting time for other coffee products, which is normally no more than one minutes if the store is not very busy. When making the orders, customers have the choice of different fruit flavours, such as honeydew, watermelon, strawberry, bananas and other common fruit flavours. As discussed in previous section, Bubblecino will introduce new flavours every month to gather responds from customers about the taste of such flavours, and if such flavour is welcomed, it will stay on the menu. During the early marketing stage, a research is also needed to determine what mixture formulas and which flavours are most suitable and accepted by New Zealanders. There are three size of cups available, tall, grande, or venti (which represent small, median, or large respectively). Lastly, customers also have the options of adding cream on top of their bubble tea, upgrade to double chewing balls, or adding Nata (which is coconut gel and it is also c hewing). Pricing Decisions When deciding the pricing of Bubblecino, this marketing plan considers both internal factors and external factors. The first consideration is the cost of goods sold. The raw materials for Bubblecino include tea, milk, fruit flavours, chewing balls, cream (if customers order it), Nata (if customers order it) and package. According to Boba Tea Direct.com (n.d.), the approximate cost for materials was USD $0.75, which was about NZD $1.00. The cost of cream and nata is difficult to determine at this stage and there are extras customers could add on, so this business plan will focus on the cost of making a regular bubble tea at this stage. The cost of package is around NZ$ 0.10 as there are similar plastic cups on sale on the internet for less than US$ 0.05 each. The labour cost of making a cup of Bubblecino will determine by the time required to make one. Assuming the labour cost is NZ$ 15.00 per hour and it would take around 2 minutes (1 minute to order and 1 minute to make), the labour cost of making a cup of Bubblecino is NZ$0.50. The cost of overhead is difficult to determine, with lack of information on the total overhead cost. Therefore, in this marketing plan, the overhead cost will be assumed as NZ$1.00 per cup. From above assumptions, the cost of making a cup of Bubblecino is around NZ$2.60. This cost gives Starbucks enough margins to set their prices. The external factors include the prices offered by competitors and customers expectations. Other bubble tea shops sell their regular bubble tea at NZ$5.00 per cup. However, customers should happy to pay more if the service they received is great and the in-store environment is great, as they understand Starbuck will have a higher level of overhead costs. In addition, Starbucks is selling their coffee and other beverage at around NZ$6 per cup. Therefore, it is reasonable and acceptable by the market to set a cup of Bubblecino at NZ$6.00 per tall cup, NZ$6.50 per grande cup, and NZ$7 per venti cup. Customers need to pay NZ50c more if they want double the chewing pearls, or add cream, or add Nata. At this selling price, every tall cup of regular bubble tea will give Starbucks a NZ$3.40 operating profit. This higher profit margin will help Starbucks to continuingly improve the quality of products and services, and become the premium retailers of bubble teas. Place (Distribution) Decisions The direct retail in 35 Starbucks stores across New Zealand will be the distribution channel for Bubblecino. Bubblecino will be offered in these stores as coffee or other beverages. These 35 stores are either located in CBDs or big shopping malls. Because the target market of Bubblecino is young people and white collars, these stores are the great distribution channel. There is a huge amount of customers flow past the store every day, especially during the weekend and holiday. This creates a good platform for Starbucks to distribute Bubblecino. Promotional Decisions The promotional decisions for Bubblecino include advertisement through the internet, outdoor displays, and signs at the back of buses. Internet advertisement includes advertising the introduction of new Bubblecino on Trademe, and other most frequent visiting websites in New Zealand. Facebook is also an efficiency way to promote new products, and it is a very common practice in food and beverage industry. Currently Starbucks New Zealand does not have a Facebook account. The marketing manager might consider opening an account for Bubblecino and using it to promote new products and new events. The outdoor displays outside of the stores will also help to advertise the new product as most of stores are located in the busy place where there are thousands of people walk past every day. The outdoor display is a low cost and very efficiency way to promote the new products. The signs at the back of buses have the similar effect as outdoor display do, but buses signs could reach beyond the CBDs or shopping malls. Because buses travelled to different places, including residential areas and industrial areas, it has a wider coverage to promote the new products. This advertisement mix has the advantage of lower cost but efficient to spread the awareness of new Bubblecino. Starbucks should also use sales promotions, such as sampling and coupons are also effective to promote new Bubblecino. Starbucks, and other food and beverages like to use sampling taste to promote their new products. It is quite often to see in the supermarket, malls, or on the street that staffs are offering taste samples to people who walk past. This will help customers to have a direct perceive about know how good and tasty their products are. The sampling will work better if the coupons are also used during the new product promotion. Marketing managers could consider to offer the coupons, such as two cups at price of one on group buy websites, such as GrabOne and TreatMe. It is a very efficiency way to quickly generate big amount of sales for new products, and start to build its customers base. It also attracts customers who have seen the products, but was not bother to try. Coordination and Control The success of a market plan is also determined by its coordination and control. One of the most important coordination is ensuring the flow of the feedback and information among different departments in the Starbucks. The stores need to report the sales and responds from customers to marketing department to help them decide the appropriate marketing decisions. The marketing department needs to inform the store about any special or coupons they are going to advertise so the stores could prepare themselves well for the possible increase demand and sales. Another important factor is the review. There is no marketing plan which will work forever. Through the time and change of situations, the marketing department needs to review its market plan according the external and internal environments, such as change of market share, or new competitors entering the market. The review will also help marketing department to determine and evaluate the success of a marketing plan and whether and how such marketing plan need to adjust.

Essay --

I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing aid since her hearing problem is still bearable. I have noticed that Lily knew how to take care of her body. When I asked several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 minutes a day, take vitamins daily and eats only healthy food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is giving her some worries. Good health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berger, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the process of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, after years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and social interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age. As we get older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a natural occurrence in one’s life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new beginning and look forward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in one’s life because it means that the person is a lot more knowledgeable and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully. Essay -- I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing aid since her hearing problem is still bearable. I have noticed that Lily knew how to take care of her body. When I asked several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 minutes a day, take vitamins daily and eats only healthy food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is giving her some worries. Good health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berger, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the process of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, after years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and social interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age. As we get older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a natural occurrence in one’s life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new beginning and look forward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in one’s life because it means that the person is a lot more knowledgeable and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully.

Analysing Sustainability Policies Of Hewlett Packard Environmental Sciences Essay

Company debut. I have selected HP Ltd Company for my assignment subject. Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) is an first-class company. It provides printing and scanning equipments to consumers, concerns, and industry and intuitions all over the World. The company is non merely limited to the industry of pressmans, scanner and peripheral equipment but besides provides consultancies, entree devices, personal computer science and worldwide services to big, average sized and little administrations. I have selected HP Printer Company due to its Climate friendly attitude that is rather obvious from its policies and one-year meeting studies. The HP Company is good committed to cut down C footmark in its policy. It has taken several practical attacks in last few old ages to cut down its C pes print. lineation of the company HP is an international company with supply concatenation all over the universe. The direction construction consists of five board of managers. The chief sections include Nomination and Governance, Human Resource, Audit and engineering. In add-on to the direction board, the company has an executive apparatus dwelling upon senior and executive frailty presidents from concern division and caputs of corporate maps. The executive commission has different duties than the direction squad. The executive commission ensures that the ethical and environmental policies of the company are decently followed. HP uses an first-class nomenclature in planetary ethical small town. It uses the word â€Å" planetary citizenship † which is an existent duty, a company should play to protect planetary environment and beauty to quality for planetary coitizenship. 2.1 Functions of company 2.2 Distinctive characteristics The eco-cost are the amount of direct and in-direct costs of the environmental impacts caused by the merchandise in its full life rhythm. The purpose of the EMS is to happen out alternate design, theoretical account and parts which are eco-friendly. Actually, it is true analysis as impacts on environment does be us like waste direction or the wellness jeopardies to the public etc. HP is climate friendly company. It add the cost of wellness jeopardies of ink, disposal cost and usage of electricity in the existent cost of the pressman to happen out the environmental impacts. Its alone policies to command EMS inside the administration and proctor external organizational environmental activities has made it successful and typical in modern fabrication industry. It has good developed EMS for long clip that is continuously revised and reviewed. The acute involvement of HP Ltd in environmental protection through its fabrication procedure, preparations, awareness compaigh, research, aid to a ssociated houses and counsel to its employees are important characteristics of HP Ltd. 2.3 Business activities and relationship to environment We can depict the impact of pressman by spliting it into three stages ; paper use impacts, electricity use and the direction of waste merchandises. Harmonizing to historical informations, the use of paper has increased to three crease over the last three decennaries ( Mckinny 1995 ) . The paper has been used as a chief beginning of information storage since antediluvian Egyptians invented the papyrus, the Chinese do it more perfect by big scale paper industry and Gutenberg invented the printing imperativeness ( Saaty 1980 ) . The planetary heating has increased the importance of paperless nomenclature and most of organisations and public-service corporation houses are exchanging to the paperless schemes ( Newton 1993 ) . HP Ltd is globally recognised company. It has strong concern dealingss to its partnr companies and subsidieries. HP is fabricating a immense scope of merchandises and rule merchandises like pressmans use vry toxic stuff in the signifier of ink. HP has taken an enviro nmental protection attack to salvage environment by following EMS itself and guaranting that its concern links besides follow its policies. Its audit system, information and consciousness compaigh, support and advice to dependant concerns and proficient aid to associated concern provides satisfaction that HP is working towards its C print decrease scheme successfully and adequately. HP Ltd ‘s environmental policies are non ony refected from its internal organizational dealingss but besides through its relation to spouse companies through out the universe and dependent partnr companies like parts providers, packaging companies, transportors and preparation companies. HP has a right attack to supervise its internal organizational policies and observe external organition'sresonsibilities at the same clip. Environmental duties of the company Environmental impact HP company is bring forthing many merchandises hving direct or indirect impacts on environment. For simpleness, we can dis cussone merchandise ; Printers. Assorted metals are used in pressman ‘s fabrication. The metals include galvanized steel metal for construction, plated steel shafts, and Copper metal in motor and little fraction of Aluminum in other parts. These metal stuffs are reclaimable but Copper in motor may suppress steel recycling. The electronic constituent besides contributes to environmental impact and consists chiefly on printed electronic board ( PWB ) and some electronics. However, the electronic constituents merely make the 3 % weight of the pressmans in entire ( William et al 2005 ) . The electronics in pressmans consist on few PWB ; normally six and weighing approximately 250 gms. The circuit boards are made of few millimeters thick epoxy coated glass fibre cloth laminate plated with Cu but these are free of lead. The procedure of circuit board fabrication consists on FR4 laminate procedure ; a composite and popular laminate substrate industry procedure. The procedure is a wet processing method dwelling on cover, lithography, plating, and electronics engrafting to make a printed circuit board. The epoxy is normally assorted with a bromide fire retardent. Hazard to the administration HP company has environmental direction system in administration. The system has been developed many old ages ago and still come oning towards to cut down the footmark. The EMS is used to place hazards and impacts of the HP company on environment. HP company has a valid survelliance system to place environmental hazards by utilizing its EMS. The hazards may be present in assorted sections incuding operational departmemt, fabrication, packaging, selling and administration. Once cardinal hazard countries are identified and managed, further monitoring, reappraisal and alteration of EMS is carried out to guarantee successful safety to environment. HP company has besides an audit system to look into if the internal operations including environmental protection policy and process are followed or non. The audit section provides a regular observation to look into either company is successful to maintain its planetary citizenship or non. The pressmans are used domestically, commercially and in industry. The general intent of domestically used pressmans is designed to make a satisfied occupation of publishing at acceptable flawlessness degree. Normally, no duplexer is associated with domestically used pressmans and pages are turned manually by the user. Largely two types of cartridges are used ; one for the text printing and other for the colour printing. A printer battalion normally comes with a pressman itself, a black cartridge, a colour cartridge, a power overseas telegram, an external power supply, a USB or other port linking overseas telegram, CD-ROM ( with package ) and a user information brochure. The pressman varies in size and usually weighs range from 1.5 to 5 kilogram. Similarly the monetary value varies harmonizing to do and quality. Now we can take an analysis of pressman ‘s fabrication phase. Printers are made of polymers in their primary construction and in the industry of its parts ( Smits 1996 ) . Two most commonly polymers in pressmans include high impact polystyrene ( HIPS ) and acrylonitrile-butadiene cinnamene ( ABS ) . However, all plastics in pressmans are non needfully HIPS or ABS and 86 % of plastic in pressmans are reclaimable ( William et al 2002 ) . An excluding per centum is non reclaimable due to the presence of filets. However, for the simpleness of our instance survey, we assume that pressman plastics are ABS. We will be sing chief fabrication stuff in life rhythm and will non concentrate on the intermediate stuff processing, packaging and transportation. A tabular array for boxing stuff stock list has been reprocessed from information beginnings ( Jason et al 2005 ) . Legal Duty HP is successfully conformity with environmental related Torahs. These includes European brotherhood limitation of Hazardous Substances ( ROHS ) , WEE Direcive and many more. The ROHS enforce that any electronic merchandise fabrication company must do it certain that the merchandise or constituent may non incorporate lead, quicksilver, Cd, bexavalent, Cr, PBB and PBDE flameretardants more than and over the limitation imposed by jurisprudence. All HP merchandises are conformity with Eu ROHS alteration ( ROHS 2 ) , Turkey ROH, China ROH and all other Ro hiking limitations. HP was one of the few companies who foremost of all achieved complience with EU ROHS in stuff choice non merely in its subdivisions in Europe but in all over the universe. EU ROHS was implemented in 2006. The policy of conformity with material limitation harmonizing to EU ROHS is obvious from one-year study of HP. The one-year study provides a comprehensive treatment and decision on acceptance of material limitation in Al its planetary unit to follow environmental jurisprudence. The HP is besides conformity with WEEE directive. The directing enforce duty on manufacturer of a merchandise to to take back and recycle their ain merchandises. The purpose of directive is to cut down landfill, C print and encourage makers to bring forth less waste.. Critical Review of Company EMS system Policy Every administration concerned with environmental protection has fixed some duties in its charters towards the benefit of environment through its operations.HP is committed to supply environmental protection and therefore it has duties witin administration, with provider and towards general populace every bit good to guarantee that they understand environmental protection. HP has non merely audit system within its ain administration but besides an internal audit system to peep into suppier fabrication system against environmental duties. HP is non a individual unit but it is globally dispersed and has subsideries through out the universe. Head office of HP Ltd is responsible to maintain an appropriate EMS at all of its subordinates. Each concern unit has an environmental guidance commission on environment, heath and safety and a manager of environmental plans. HP has an effectual supply concatenation direction system that is responsible to describe environmental issues in its one-yea r planetary citizenship study. Planing Planning is the first measure in any direction activity. Similarly, HP has an accurateplanning policy for its EMS. Protection of planetary citizenship by carry throughing environmental protection responcibility is ultimate aim in planning policy. The planning policy is non merely HP ‘s planning for EMS. The planning policy besides provide a tool for subordinates and deperndent concerns to develop and pull off their EMS. A council specialised in environmental issues and established to cover with EMS is known as Environmental Strategic Council in HP organizational construction. For illustration, few old ages ago, the strategic council took determination on exclusion of some chemicals from fabricating procedure. The chemicals were unsafe for wellness and safety and may foul environment due to long permanent effects. There was a affair ofcost rise in caseof following safe stuff but strategic council advise to follow safer chemicals instantly and research for cost effectual safer ch emicals in future. Planning is used in planing, material subdivision, energy efficiency, selling and fabrication stages to guarantee EMS has been considered at every phase of a merchandise. The impact of pressman use on environment can be best understood by sing C print produced as a consequence of energy use during its industry, usage and so in waste disposal. All phases of pressman should be considered get downing from, pressman industry to the terminal of printer life. None of the phases can be ignored as disregarding any stage will non number the existent sum of CO2 production at that phase. For illustration, if we ignore fabricating phase so we can disregard the CO2 produced at fabrication phase of the pressman. Execution and operation HP has an effectual direction system that addresses labour issues, labour direction issues, EMS issues, human resource issues, ehical issues and supply concatenation issues. The HP direction has arranged two audit systems. The internal audit system carry out frequent audits depending upon the degree and sum of hazard. The external audits are conducted to keep ISO 14001 and 9000 enfranchisement. The figure of external and internal audits vary harmonizing to the size of site aswell as the complexness of an administration. In HP Ltd, same scheme is applied for internal audits. However, the external audits are normally twice a twelvemonth to maintain ISO criterions. External audits are besides used as a tool to step and record the green house gas emanation. Internal audits farther verify these informations and helps in modifying EMS to decrese green house gas in future. Environmental protection is besides closely associated with wellness and safety ordinances. Therefor internal audits on wellness and safety are besides conducted on a regular basis by wellness and safety commission. 4.4 Communication Communication is an indispensable tool for successful operation of a company. Communication is divided into two parts ; an internal communicating and an external communicating. HP Ltd has really effectual communicating system that was further strengthened by constitution of stakeholder battle council in 2006. Stakeholder engagement council consist on HP ‘s senior directors and guarantee company ‘s relationship with NGO and other stakeholders. The council members are responsible to supply comprehensive support to identify holders in all issues. These issues may be everyday, environmental, opratonal, organizational, preparation, audt or administration. The council member make certain that stakeholder understand the HP ‘s environmental policy and follow it efficaciously. HP doesnot go forth stakeholder in isolaton but provide an integrating communicating with stakeholder into concern pattern. The communicating is carried efficaciously in HP with the aid of be aftering tool, stakeholder battle, on-line information, cognition and database, practical and physical support centres and employee ‘s support. The degree and resource of communicating in HP Ltd includes meetings, studies, input consequences, one-year studies, action programs, policy and processs, conferences and docket Sessionss. HP communicates with clients, providers, contractors and sub-contractors, stakeholders, NGOS, local and international environmental bureaus, employees and empolyers to better understand emerging environmental issues. Documentation HP has policy to document all its activities. Most of important activites are accessable through its one-year studies. HP is working towards environmental ends. It has besides adopted paperless schemes like other environmentally friendly administrations. Therefore most of HP paperss can be achieved on-line. The on-line paperss include HP providers, occupationa wellness andsafety policy, environmental guidelines, merchandise purchase understanding, purchase order term and conditions and many more. Emergency readiness Checking and disciplinary action The involvement of HP limited is existent and can be realised by HP programme to run a charting class of environmental leading in market. The EMS analyzer package, environmental advanced classs, reuse of stuff and following new engineerings are adequate grounds to label HP as an environmentally friendly company. HP has introduced a construct of environmtal matrices as a step of environmental efficiency. The matrices are focused on C print of a merchandise during its development. The usage of environmental matrices is an advanced thought as compared to life rhythm analysis methodological analysis. The environmental public presentation matrices are treated as standard units and are applicable to both domestic and commercial merchandises. HP has non merely improved its merchandises but besides recalled any merchandise, it found hazard to climate. For illustration, the pressmans either industrial, commercial or domestic usage some chemicals in the signifier of ink which is harmful to the environment and human wellness ( Dias 2004 ) . These chemical are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and besides do important harm to lungs, skin and nervous tissues if exposed for long clip. The harmful stuffs used in pressman besides contain really hazadorous stuff including Silver, Phosphoric acid and Isopropyl intoxicant. HP has taken a careful attack and introduced less harmful chemicals. One of such steps is the arid printing. The waterless engineering reduces VOCs ( Volatile Organic Compound ) emanations by 98 % . The VOC are the major subscriber in formation of low degree Ozone ( Counsell et al 2007 ) . The low degree ozone can do respiratory jobs and worsen asthma and other respiratory diseases. The VOC are gasses dwelling on harmful chemicals with negative wellness effects. These chemicals cause environmental pollution by distributing crude oi l based ink dies ( Erbes 1996 ) . Petroleum based inks have been the traditional pick in the printing industry. These inks are non considered as environmentally friendly. The other disadvantages of crude oil based inks are the usage of non-renewable resource-petroleum. HP has introduced ink betterment in print industry. These inks are vegetable based and soy based inks and let go of few fractions of VOC. Management Review HP has adopted EMS system for many old ages but it is continuously updated after reappraisal, alteration and amendments in the visible radiation of feedback received by assorted resources. EMS is reviewd andupdated by assorted ways. For illustration, HP run an on-line moralss class for its employees and each employee is tracked either he has updated his preparation or non. In add-on to moralss preparation, other preparations like environmental protection, wellness and safety, fire drill, emergy emptying and consciousness of policy and processs are besides availablein local and multiple linguistic communications. The best illustration of a compulsory preparation at Canada HP centre is called â€Å" Work Well † preparation and cnsist on ergonometric appraisal and compulsory preparation faculties. Stakeholders are besides involved in environmental awareness preparation but it is conducted by HP employees directy interacting with external stakeholders by virtuousness of their busi nss activities. An on-line consciousness an preparation programm is besides available through HP chief web site. In add-on to earlier mentionedtrainings, HP arrange leading, entire quality direction preparations and any farther preparation, it considered necessary for the protection of gobal environment. Life rhythm analysis and EMS Global heating, environmental pollution, industrial reforms to pull off environmental pollution and human attempts to command planetary heating are hot issues now-a-days ( Curran 1996 ) . Every merchandise has a life rhythm get downing from its fabrication to its terminal of life ( Lehman 2007 ) . The life rhythm appraisal ( LCA ) is a important tool to measure the impact of a merchandise on environment throughout its life ( Hischier 2007 ) . Mechanical and fabricating applied scientists can take benefit of LCA informations of a merchandise to reexamine and revise the stuff, design and engineering of the merchandise to cut down its negative impact on the environment ( Fussler et al 1996 ) . With the information of LCA of the merchandises, it is possible to choose environmentally friendly stuff to do merchandises pleasant, less harmful to environment and more efficient ( Guinee 2001 ) . Cost has been a important inducement but information of planetary heating has changed man of affair s and purchaser ‘s position about a merchandise ( Newton 1993 ) . Both purchaser and concern adult male is more attractive to environmentally friendly merchandise ( Cramer et al 1997 ) . Use of computing machines in modern epoch has created a batch of peripheral and accoutrements used parallel to the computing machines. Printers, scanners, web Cam and many other accoutrements are mundane usage in modern epoch. Each of these merchandises is made of assorted stuffs and therefore has assorted phases of life rhythm. There are three important methods to measure the environmental impact of a merchandise ( James 1997 ) . These are known as eco-point, eco-cost and eco-compass. In life rhythm environmental cost analysis ( LCECA ) , the eco costs are included into the entire cost of the merchandise. The LCA of a pressman has been outlined in figure ( 1 & A ; 2 ) get downing from its industry to the terminal of life. The life rhythm of the pressman defines the stuff and energy associated with the pressman over its life rhythm from the extraction, aggregation of the natural stuff at production site, production procedure, its usage, reuse, recycling or disposal at the terminal of life and its part in the planetary C pes print. In a existent sense, the LCA of pressman is an analysis of the stuff and energy flow till the terminal of merchandise life. The packaging and transportation of pressmans besides contribute to the C print and do a part in their life rhythm ( Hischier 2007 ) . The packaging consists on composition board box, poster board, and paper manual and polystyrene restraints ( PEPI 2008 ) . There may be strips of paper film editings as been used to procure pressman packaging in the yesteryear. Transportation and transit of pressman besides contribute in the C print of th e planetary heating Figure 1 ; LCA Figure 2 ; Printer Life Cycle stages The pressmans use paper, ink and electricity through out of their life rhythm. The cartridges consist on polythene Terephthalate ( PET ) glass filled polyester and electronics. Largely, LCA of a merchandise is focused to happen out impact on C pes printing ( Guinee 2001 ) . Harmonizing to a research conducted by HP on its inkjet pressman LCA, paper has a important part in carbon pes printing ( HP 2009 ) . Contribution to carbon pes printing is a planetary nomenclature to happen out environmental impact of a merchandise during its lifecycle ( Fussler 1996 ) . An stock list tabular array has been reprocessed by taking information from two resources ( See table 1for pressman and table 2 & A ; 3 for Cartridge and packaging ) . Item`Note Metallic elements ( Total ) 910 Steel 696 Aluminum 165 Copper 49 Motor Winding Plastic ( Total ) 2179 Reclaimable 1887 Non-Recyclable 292 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 163 Hip 1472 Others plastics 544 Includes elastomers etc Others Genera 144 Electronicss ( Total ) 507 Including external overseas telegram and power supply. Printer Total 3740 Recyclable ( Total ) 2947 Includes reclaimable metals, plastics, Cu etc. Reclaimable ( % ) 79 % Table 1 ( Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 ) Ratio between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff in an inkjet pressman Figure 3 ; Comparison between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002Cartridge MaterialItemMass ( gm )NotePlastics ( entire )20PET+ 15 % GF20Other PlasticsOther Generals ( entire )Electronicss4Ink21Black 21 g/Color 42 gCartridge Total45Table 2 ( Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )Printer PackagingTable 3Printer PackagingItemMass ( gm )NotePolystyrene0.014Transporting restrainPolycarbonate0.015CadmiumPaperboard/Cardboard0.881Office paper0.107Manual etcPackaging ( Total )1.017Table 3 Jason et Al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )